Organic electroluminescent materials and devices

ABSTRACT

A composition including a first compound is disclosed. The first compound is capable of functioning as a phosphorescent emitter in an organic light emitting device at room temperature; wherein the first compound has at least one aromatic ring and at least one substituent R; wherein each of the at least one R is an organic group having at least two atoms of X; wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Si, and Ge; and wherein each of the at least one R is directly bonded to one of the aromatic rings.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 62/097,742, filed Dec. 30, 2014, the entire contents of which isincorporated herein by reference.

PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

The claimed invention was made by, on behalf of, and/or in connectionwith one or more of the following parties to a joint universitycorporation research agreement: The Regents of the University ofMichigan, Princeton University, University of Southern California, andUniversal Display Corporation. The agreement was in effect on and beforethe date the claimed invention was made, and the claimed invention wasmade as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of theagreement.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds for use as emitters anddevices, such as organic light emitting diodes, including the same.

BACKGROUND

Opto-electronic devices that make use of organic materials are becomingincreasingly desirable for a number of reasons. Many of the materialsused to make such devices are relatively inexpensive, so organicopto-electronic devices have the potential for cost advantages overinorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organicmaterials, such as their flexibility, may make them well suited forparticular applications such as fabrication on a flexible substrate.Examples of organic opto-electronic devices include organic lightemitting devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaiccells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, the organic materials mayhave performance advantages over conventional materials. For example,the wavelength at which an organic emissive layer emits light maygenerally be readily tuned with appropriate dopants.

OLEDs make use of thin organic films that emit light when voltage isapplied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasinglyinteresting technology for use in applications such as flat paneldisplays, illumination, and backlighting. Several OLED materials andconfigurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

One application for phosphorescent emissive molecules is a full colordisplay. Industry standards for such a display call for pixels adaptedto emit particular colors, referred to as “saturated” colors. Inparticular, these standards call for saturated red, green, and bluepixels. Color may be measured using CIE coordinates, which are wellknown to the art.

One example of a green emissive molecule is tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium, denoted Ir(ppy)₃, which has the following structure:

In this, and later figures herein, we depict the dative bond fromnitrogen to metal (here, Ir) as a straight line.

As used herein, the term “organic” includes polymeric materials as wellas small molecule organic materials that may be used to fabricateorganic opto-electronic devices. “Small molecule” refers to any organicmaterial that is not a polymer, and “small molecules” may actually bequite large. Small molecules may include repeat units in somecircumstances. For example, using a long chain alkyl group as asubstituent does not remove a molecule from the “small molecule” class.Small molecules may also be incorporated into polymers, for example as apendent group on a polymer backbone or as a part of the backbone. Smallmolecules may also serve as the core moiety of a dendrimer, whichconsists of a series of chemical shells built on the core moiety. Thecore moiety of a dendrimer may be a fluorescent or phosphorescent smallmolecule emitter. A dendrimer may be a “small molecule,” and it isbelieved that all dendrimers currently used in the field of OLEDs aresmall molecules.

As used herein, “top” means furthest away from the substrate, while“bottom” means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer isdescribed as “disposed over” a second layer, the first layer is disposedfurther away from substrate. There may be other layers between the firstand second layer, unless it is specified that the first layer is “incontact with” the second layer. For example, a cathode may be describedas “disposed over” an anode, even though there are various organiclayers in between.

As used herein, “solution processible” means capable of being dissolved,dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium,either in solution or suspension form.

A ligand may be referred to as “photoactive” when it is believed thatthe ligand directly contributes to the photoactive properties of anemissive material. A ligand may be referred to as “ancillary” when it isbelieved that the ligand does not contribute to the photoactiveproperties of an emissive material, although an ancillary ligand mayalter the properties of a photoactive ligand.

As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled inthe art, a first “Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital” (HOMO) or “LowestUnoccupied Molecular Orbital” (LUMO) energy level is “greater than” or“higher than” a second HOMO or LUMO energy level if the first energylevel is closer to the vacuum energy level. Since ionization potentials(IP) are measured as a negative energy relative to a vacuum level, ahigher HOMO energy level corresponds to an IP having a smaller absolutevalue (an IP that is less negative). Similarly, a higher LUMO energylevel corresponds to an electron affinity (EA) having a smaller absolutevalue (an EA that is less negative). On a conventional energy leveldiagram, with the vacuum level at the top, the LUMO energy level of amaterial is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. A“higher” HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of such adiagram than a “lower” HOMO or LUMO energy level.

As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled inthe art, a first work function is “greater than” or “higher than” asecond work function if the first work function has a higher absolutevalue. Because work functions are generally measured as negative numbersrelative to vacuum level, this means that a “higher” work function ismore negative. On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuumlevel at the top, a “higher” work function is illustrated as furtheraway from the vacuum level in the downward direction. Thus, thedefinitions of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follow a different conventionthan work functions.

More details on OLEDs, and the definitions described above, can be foundin U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference inits entirety.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an embodiment, a composition comprising a first compound isdisclosed. The first compound is capable of functioning as aphosphorescent emitter in an organic light emitting device at roomtemperature; wherein the first compound has at least one aromatic ringand at least one substituent R; wherein each of the at least one R is anorganic group having at least two atoms of X; wherein each X isindependently selected from the group consisting of Si, and Ge; andwherein each of the at least one R is directly bonded to one of thearomatic rings.

According to another embodiment, a first organic light emitting deviceis disclosed. The first organic light emitting device can include ananode, a cathode, and an organic layer, disposed between the anode andthe cathode, wherein the organic layer can include a first compound;wherein the first compound is capable of functioning as a phosphorescentemitter in an organic light emitting device at room temperature;

wherein the first compound has at least one aromatic ring and at leastone substituent R;

wherein each of the at least one R is an organic group having at leasttwo atoms of X;

wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting ofSi, and Ge; and

wherein each of the at least one R is directly bonded to one of thearomatic rings.

According to yet another embodiment, a formulation comprising the firstcompound is disclosed, wherein the first compound is capable offunctioning as a phosphorescent emitter in an organic light emittingdevice at room temperature and the first compound has at least onearomatic ring and at least one substituent R;

wherein each of the at least one R is an organic group having at leasttwo atoms of X;

wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting ofSi, and Ge; and

wherein each of the at least one R is directly bonded to one of thearomatic rings, is disclosed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device.

FIG. 2 shows an inverted organic light emitting device that does nothave a separate electron transport layer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed betweenand electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current isapplied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons intothe organic layer(s). The injected holes and electrons each migratetoward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and holelocalize on the same molecule, an “exciton.” which is a localizedelectron-hole pair having an excited energy state, is formed. Light isemitted when the exciton relaxes via a photoemissive mechanism. In somecases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer or an exciplex.Non-radiative mechanisms, such as thermal relaxation, may also occur,but are generally considered undesirable.

The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from theirsinglet states (“fluorescence”) as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat.No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.Fluorescent emission generally occurs in a time frame of less than 10nanoseconds.

More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light fromtriplet states (“phosphorescence”) have been demonstrated. Baldo et al.,“Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from OrganicElectroluminescent Devices,” Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998;(“Baldo-I”) and Baldo et al., “Very high-efficiency green organiclight-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence,” Appl. Phys.Lett., vol. 75, No. 3, 4-6 (1999) (“Baldo-II”), which are incorporatedby reference in their entireties. Phosphorescence is described in moredetail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 5-6, which are incorporatedby reference.

FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device 100. The figures are notnecessarily drawn to scale. Device 100 may include a substrate 110, ananode 115, a hole injection layer 120, a hole transport layer 125, anelectron blocking layer 130, an emissive layer 135, a hole blockinglayer 140, an electron transport layer 145, an electron injection layer150, a protective layer 155, a cathode 160, and a barrier layer 170.Cathode 160 is a compound cathode having a first conductive layer 162and a second conductive layer 164. Device 100 may be fabricated bydepositing the layers described, in order. The properties and functionsof these various layers, as well as example materials, are described inmore detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 6-10, which areincorporated by reference.

More examples for each of these layers are available. For example, aflexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in itsentirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA dopedwith F₄-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated byreference in its entirety. Examples of emissive and host materials aredisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which isincorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-dopedelectron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1,as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980,which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos.5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in theirentireties, disclose examples of cathodes including compound cathodeshaving a thin layer of metal such as Mg:Ag with an overlyingtransparent, electrically-conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. Thetheory and use of blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S.Pat. No. 6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in itsentirety. A description of protective layers may be found in U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated byreference in its entirety.

FIG. 2 shows an inverted OLED 200. The device includes a substrate 210,a cathode 215, an emissive layer 220, a hole transport layer 225, and ananode 230. Device 200 may be fabricated by depositing the layersdescribed, in order. Because the most common OLED configuration has acathode disposed over the anode, and device 200 has cathode 215 disposedunder anode 230, device 200 may be referred to as an “inverted” OLED.Materials similar to those described with respect to device 100 may beused in the corresponding layers of device 200. FIG. 2 provides oneexample of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of device100.

The simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is provided byway of non-limiting example, and it is understood that embodiments ofthe invention may be used in connection with a wide variety of otherstructures. The specific materials and structures described areexemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used.Functional OLEDs may be achieved by combining the various layersdescribed in different ways, or layers may be omitted entirely, based ondesign, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specificallydescribed may also be included. Materials other than those specificallydescribed may be used. Although many of the examples provided hereindescribe various layers as comprising a single material, it isunderstood that combinations of materials, such as a mixture of host anddopant, or more generally a mixture, may be used. Also, the layers mayhave various sublayers. The names given to the various layers herein arenot intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device 200, holetransport layer 225 transports holes and injects holes into emissivelayer 220, and may be described as a hole transport layer or a holeinjection layer. In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as havingan “organic layer” disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organiclayer may comprise a single layer, or may further comprise multiplelayers of different organic materials as described, for example, withrespect to FIGS. 1 and 2.

Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used,such as OLEDs comprised of polymeric materials (PLEDs) such as disclosedin U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190 to Friend et al., which is incorporated byreference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having asingle organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, for example asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al, which isincorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure maydeviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.For example, the substrate may include an angled reflective surface toimprove out-coupling, such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. Pat.No. 6,091,195 to Forrest et al., and/or a pit structure as described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Bulovic et al., which are incorporated byreference in their entireties.

Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodimentsmay be deposited by any suitable method. For the organic layers,preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink-jet, such asdescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which areincorporated by reference in their entireties, organic vapor phasedeposition (OVPD), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 toForrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, anddeposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP), such as described inU.S. Pat. No. 7,431,968, which is incorporated by reference in itsentirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating andother solution based processes. Solution based processes are preferablycarried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For the other layers,preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterningmethods include deposition through a mask, cold welding such asdescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which areincorporated by reference in their entireties, and patterning associatedwith some of the deposition methods such as ink-jet and OVJD. Othermethods may also be used. The materials to be deposited may be modifiedto make them compatible with a particular deposition method. Forexample, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched orunbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used insmall molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing.Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3-20 carbons isa preferred range. Materials with asymmetric structures may have bettersolution processibility than those having symmetric structures, becauseasymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize.Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of smallmolecules to undergo solution processing.

Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the presentinvention may further optionally comprise a barrier layer. One purposeof the barrier layer is to protect the electrodes and organic layersfrom damaging exposure to harmful species in the environment includingmoisture, vapor and/or gases, etc. The barrier layer may be depositedover, under or next to a substrate, an electrode, or over any otherparts of a device including an edge. The barrier layer may comprise asingle layer, or multiple layers. The barrier layer may be formed byvarious known chemical vapor deposition techniques and may includecompositions having a single phase as well as compositions havingmultiple phases. Any suitable material or combination of materials maybe used for the barrier layer. The barrier layer may incorporate aninorganic or an organic compound or both. The preferred barrier layercomprises a mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric materialas described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,146, PCT Pat. Application Nos.PCT/US2007/023098 and PCT/US2009/042829, which are herein incorporatedby reference in their entireties. To be considered a “mixture”, theaforesaid polymeric and non-polymeric materials comprising the barrierlayer should be deposited under the same reaction conditions and/or atthe same time. The weight ratio of polymeric to non-polymeric materialmay be in the range of 95:5 to 5:95. The polymeric material and thenon-polymeric material may be created from the same precursor material.In one example, the mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymericmaterial consists essentially of polymeric silicon and inorganicsilicon.

Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention canbe incorporated into a wide variety of electronic component modules (orunits) that can be incorporated into a variety of electronic products orintermediate components. Examples of such electronic products orintermediate components include display screens, lighting devices suchas discrete light source devices or lighting panels, etc. that can beutilized by the end-user product manufacturers. Such electroniccomponent modules can optionally include the driving electronics and/orpower source(s). Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments ofthe invention can be incorporated into a wide variety of consumerproducts that have one or more of the electronic component modules (orunits) incorporated therein. Such consumer products would include anykind of products that include one or more light source(s) and/or one ormore of some type of visual displays. Some examples of such consumerproducts include flat panel displays, computer monitors, medicalmonitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exteriorillumination and/or signaling, heads-up displays, fully or partiallytransparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones,cell phones, tablets, phablets, personal digital assistants (PDAs),laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders,micro-displays, 3-D displays, vehicles, a large area wall, theater orstadium screen, or a sign. Various control mechanisms may be used tocontrol devices fabricated in accordance with the present invention,including passive matrix and active matrix. Many of the devices areintended for use in a temperature range comfortable to humans, such as18 degrees C. to 30 degrees C., and more preferably at room temperature(20-25 degrees C.), but could be used outside this temperature range,for example, from −40 degree C. to +80 degree C.

The materials and structures described herein may have applications indevices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices suchas organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ thematerials and structures. More generally, organic devices, such asorganic transistors, may employ the materials and structures.

The term “halo,” “halogen,” or “halide” as used herein includesfluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

The term “alkyl” as used herein contemplates both straight and branchedchain alkyl radicals. Preferred alkyl groups are those containing fromone to fifteen carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl,isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, and the like. Additionally, thealkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein contemplates cyclic alkyl radicals.Preferred cycloalkyl groups are those containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms andincludes cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like.Additionally, the cycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “alkenyl” as used herein contemplates both straight andbranched chain alkene radicals. Preferred alkenyl groups are thosecontaining two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkenyl groupmay be optionally substituted.

The term “alkynyl” as used herein contemplates both straight andbranched chain alkyne radicals. Preferred alkynyl groups are thosecontaining two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkynyl groupmay be optionally substituted.

The terms “aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” as used herein are usedinterchangeably and contemplate an alkyl group that has as a substituentan aromatic group. Additionally, the aralkyl group may be optionallysubstituted.

The term “heterocyclic group” as used herein contemplates aromatic andnon-aromatic cyclic radicals. Hetero-aromatic cyclic radicals also meansheteroaryl. Preferred hetero-non-aromatic cyclic groups are thosecontaining 3 or 7 ring atoms which includes at least one hetero atom,and includes cyclic amines such as morpholino, piperdino, pyrrolidino,and the like, and cyclic ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran,tetrahydropyran, and the like. Additionally, the heterocyclic group maybe optionally substituted.

The term “aryl” or “aromatic group” as used herein contemplatessingle-ring groups and polycyclic ring systems. The polycyclic rings mayhave two or more rings in which two carbons are common to two adjoiningrings (the rings are “fused”) wherein at least one of the rings isaromatic, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryl,heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. Additionally, the aryl group may beoptionally substituted.

The term “heteroaryl” as used herein contemplates single-ringhetero-aromatic groups that may include from one to three heteroatoms,for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole,triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine and pyrimidine, and the like. Theterm heteroaryl also includes polycyclic hetero-aromatic systems havingtwo or more rings in which two atoms are common to two adjoining rings(the rings are “fused”) wherein at least one of the rings is aheteroaryl, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls,aryl, heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. Additionally, the heteroarylgroup may be optionally substituted.

The alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heterocyclic group,aryl, and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium,halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,amino, cyclic amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl,alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ether,ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, andcombinations thereof.

As used herein, “substituted” indicates that a substituent other than His bonded to the relevant position, such as carbon. Thus, for example,where R¹ is mono-substituted, then one R¹ must be other than H.Similarly, where R¹ is di-substituted, then two of R¹ must be other thanH. Similarly, where R¹ is unsubstituted, R¹ is hydrogen for allavailable positions.

The “aza” designation in the fragments described herein, i.e.aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzothiophene, etc. means that one or more ofthe C—H groups in the respective fragment can be replaced by a nitrogenatom, for example, and without any limitation, azatriphenyleneencompasses both dibenzo[fh]quinoxaline and dibenzo[f,h]quinoline. Oneof ordinary skill in the art can readily envision other nitrogen analogsof the aza-derivatives described above, and all such analogs areintended to be encompassed by the terms as set forth herein.

The “silylated” or “germanylated” designation in the fragments describedherein, i.e. silylated alkyl, germanylated alkyl, etc. means that one ormore of the C atoms in the respective fragment can be replaced by a Sior Ge atom.

It is to be understood that when a molecular fragment is described asbeing a substituent or otherwise attached to another moiety, its namemay be written as if it were a fragment (e.g. phenyl, phenylene,naphthyl, dibenzofuryl) or as if it were the whole molecule (e.g.benzene, naphthalene, dibenzofuran). As used herein, these differentways of designating a substituent or attached fragment are considered tobe equivalent.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a compositioncomprising a first compound is disclosed. The first compound is capableof functioning as a phosphorescent emitter in an organic light emittingdevice at room temperature and the first compound has at least onearomatic ring and at least one substituent R;

wherein each of the at least one R is an organic group having at leasttwo atoms of X;

wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting ofSi, and Ge; and

wherein each of the at least one R is directly bonded to one of thearomatic rings.

In some embodiments of the first compound, each X is separated by atleast one carbon atom from the aromatic ring. In some embodiments, eachX is separated by at least two carbon atoms from the aromatic ring. Inother embodiments, each X is separated by at least three carbon atomsfrom the aromatic ring.

In some embodiments, each X is Si. In some embodiments, each X is Ge. Insome embodiments, each X connects to its adjacent atoms by X—C or X—Fbond only. In other embodiments, each X connects to its adjacent atom byX—C bond only.

The first compound is capable of emitting light from a triplet excitedstate to a ground singlet state at room temperature.

In a preferred embodiment, the first compound is a metal coordinationcomplex having a metal-carbon bond. The metal can be selected from thegroup consisting of Ir, Rh, Re, Ru, Os, Pt, Au, and Cu. In someembodiments, the metal is Ir. In some embodiments, the metal is Pt.

In some embodiments, each of the at least one R is an organic grouphaving at least three atoms of X. In some embodiments, each of the atleast one R is independently selected from the group consisting ofpartially or fully silylated alkyl, partially or fully silylatedcycloalkyl, partially or fully germanylated alkyl, partially or fullygermanylated cycloalkyl, and combinations thereof.

In one preferred embodiment, the first compound has the formula ofM(L¹)_(x)(L²)_(y)(L³)_(z);

wherein L¹, L² and L³ can be the same or different;

wherein x is 1, 2, or 3;

wherein y is 0, 1, or 2;

wherein z is 0, 1, or 2;

wherein M is a metal and x+y+z is the oxidation state of the metal M;

wherein L¹, L² and L³ are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of:

-   -   wherein each X¹ to X¹³ are independently selected from the group        consisting of carbon and nitrogen;    -   wherein X is selected from the group consisting of BR′, NR′,        PR′, O, S, Se, C═O, S═O, SO₂, CR′R″, SiR′R″, and GeR′R″;    -   wherein R′ and R″ are optionally fused or joined to form a ring;    -   wherein each R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) may represent from        mono substitution to the possible maximum number of        substitution, or no substitution;    -   wherein R′, R″, R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d) are each        independently selected from the group consisting of deuterium,        halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy,        aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl,        alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids,        ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl,        phosphino, and combinations thereof; and    -   wherein any two adjacent substituents of R_(a), R_(b), R_(c),        and R_(d) are optionally fused or joined to form a ring or form        a multidentate ligand; and    -   wherein at least one of the R_(a), R_(b), R_(c), and R_(d)        includes at least one R.

In some embodiments of the first compound having the formula ofM(L¹)_(x)(L²)_(y)(L³)_(z) defined above, the first compound has theformula of Ir(L¹)₂(L²).

In the embodiment of the first compound having the formula ofIr(L¹)₂(L²), L¹ can have the formula selected from the group consistingof:

and

wherein L² has the formula:

In other embodiments, L² has the formula:

wherein R_(e), R_(f), R_(h), and R_(i) are independently selected fromgroup consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;

wherein at least one of R_(e), R_(f), R_(h), and R_(i) has at least twocarbon atoms;

wherein R_(g) is selected from group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium,halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl,heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ester, nitrile, isonitrile,sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments of the first compound having the formula ofIr(L¹)₂(L²), L¹ and L² can be different and each of L¹ and L² areindependently selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments of the first compound having the formula ofIr(L¹)₂(L²), each of L¹ and L² can be independently selected from thegroup consisting of:

In the embodiment where the first compound has the formula ofM(L¹)_(x)(L²)_(y)(L³)_(z) defined above, the first compound can have theformula of Pt(L¹)₂ or Pt(L¹)(L²).

Where the first compound has the formula of Pt(L¹)₂ or Pt(L¹)(L²), L¹can be connected to the other L¹ or L² to form a tetradentate ligand.

In the embodiment where the first compound has the formula ofM(L′)_(x)(L²)_(y)(L³)_(z) defined above, at least one of R_(a), R_(b),R_(c), and R_(d) includes an alkyl or cycloalkyl group that includes CD,CD₂, or CD₃, wherein D is deuterium.

In some embodiments of the first compound, each of the at least one R isselected from the group consisting of:

wherein R_(u), R_(v), R_(w), R_(x), R_(y), and R_(z) are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, partially or fully deuterated variants thereof, andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments of the first compound, each of the at least one R isindependently selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments where the first compound has the formula ofM(L¹)_(x)(L²)_(y)(L³)_(z) defined above, at least one of L¹, L², and L¹is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein R_(u), R_(v), R_(w), R_(x), R_(y), and R_(z) are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, partially or fully deuterated variants thereof, andcombinations thereof, q is an integer from 1 to 5.

In some embodiments where the first compound has the formula ofM(L¹)_(x)(L²)_(y)(L³)_(z) defined above, the ligand L¹ is selected fromthe group consisting of L_(A1) to L_(A338) defined below:

L_(A1) to L_(A10), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A1), R² = R^(A1) R¹ = R^(B1), in L_(A2), R² = R^(A2), R¹ =R^(B1), in L_(A3), R² = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A4), R² = R^(A4), R¹ =R^(B1), in L_(A5), R² = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1), in L_(A6), R² = R^(A1), R¹= R^(B2), in L_(A7), R² = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2), in L_(A8), R² = R^(A3),R¹ = R^(B2), in L_(A9), R² = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2), in L_(A10), R² =R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2), L_(A11) to L_(A20), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A11) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A12) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A13) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A14) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A15) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A16) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A17) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A18) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A19) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A20) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ =R^(B2) L_(A21) to L_(A30), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A21) R⁴ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A22) R⁴ = R^(A2), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A23) R⁴ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A24) R⁴ = R^(A4), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A25) R⁴ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A26) R⁴ = R^(A1), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A27) R⁴ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A28) R⁴ = R^(A3), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A29) R⁴ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A30) R⁴ = R^(A5), R¹ =R^(B2) L_(A31) to L_(A40), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A31) R⁵ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A32) R⁵ = R^(A2), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A33) R⁵ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A34) R⁵ = R^(A4), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A35) R⁵ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A36) R⁵ = R^(A1), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A37) R⁵ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A38) R⁵ = R^(A3), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A39) R⁵ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A40) R⁵ = R^(A5), R¹ =R^(B2) L_(A41) to L_(A50), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A41) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A42) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A43) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A44) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A45) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A46) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A47) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A48) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A49) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A50) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ =R^(B2) L_(A51) to L_(A60), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A51) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A52) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A53) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A54) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A65) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A56) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A57) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A58) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A59) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A60) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ =R^(B2) L_(A61) to L_(A70), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A61) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A62) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A63) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A64) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A65) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A66) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A67) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A68) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A69) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A70) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ =R^(B2) L_(A71) to L_(A80), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A71) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A72) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A73) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A74) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A75) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A76) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A77) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A78) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A79) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A80) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ =R^(B2) L_(A81) to L_(A90), each represented by the formula

wherin in L_(A81) R² = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A82) R² = R^(A2), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A83) R² = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A84) R² = R^(A4), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A85) R² = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A86) R² = R^(A1), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A87) R² = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A88) R² = R^(A3), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A89) R² = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A90) R² = R^(A5), R¹ =R^(B2) L_(A91) to L_(A100), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A91) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A92) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A93) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A94) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A95) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A96) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A97) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A98) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A99) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A100) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ =R^(B2) L_(A101) to L_(A110), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A101) R⁴ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A102) R⁴ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A103) R⁴ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A104) R⁴ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A105) R⁴ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A106) R⁴ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A107) R⁴ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A108) R⁴= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A109) R⁴ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A110)R⁴ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A111) to L_(A120), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A111) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A112) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A113) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A114) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A115) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A116) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A117) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A118) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A119) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A120)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A121) to L_(A130), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A121) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A122) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A123) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A124) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A125) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A126) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A127) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A128) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A129) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A130)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A131) to L_(A140), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A131) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A132) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A133) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A134) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A135) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A136) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A137) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A138) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A139) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A140)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A141) to L_(A150), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A141) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A142) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A143) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A144) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A145) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A146) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A147) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A148) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A149) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A150)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A151) to L_(A160), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A151) R²= R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A152) R² = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A153) R² = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A154) R² = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A155) R² = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A156) R² =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A157) R² = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A158) R²= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A159) R² = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A160)R² = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A161) to L_(A170), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A161) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A162) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A163) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A164) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A165) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A166) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A167) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A168) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A169) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A170)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A171) to L_(A180), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A171) R⁴ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A172) R⁴ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A173) R⁴ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A174) R⁴ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A175) R⁴ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A176) R⁴ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A177) R⁴ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A178) R⁴= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A179) R⁴ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A180)R⁴ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A181) to L_(A190), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A181) R² = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A182) R² = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A183) R² = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A184) R² = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A185) R² = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A186) R² =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A187) R² = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A188) R²= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A189) R² = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A190)R² = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A191) to L_(A200), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A191) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A192) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A193) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A194) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A195) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A196) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A197) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A198) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A199) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A200)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A201) to L_(A210), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A201) R⁴ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A202) R⁴ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A203) R⁴ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A204) R⁴ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A205) R⁴ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A206) R⁴ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A207) R⁴ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A208) R⁴= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A209) R⁴ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A210)R⁴ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A211) to L_(A220), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A211) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A212) R⁵ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A213) R⁵ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A214) R⁵ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A215) R⁵ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A216) R⁵ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A217) R⁵ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A218) R⁵= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A219) R⁵ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A220)R⁵ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A221) to L_(A230), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A221) R² = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A222) R² = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A223) R² = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A224) R² = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A225) R² = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A226) R² =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A227) R² = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A228) R²= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A229) R² = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A230)R² = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A231) to L_(A240), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A231) R² = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A232) R² = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A233) R² = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A234) R² = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A235) R² = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A236) R² =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A237) R² = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A238) R²= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A239) R² = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A240)R² = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A241) to L_(A250), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A241) R² = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A242) R² = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A243) R² = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A244) R² = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A245) R² = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A246) R² =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A247) R² = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A248) R²= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A249) R² = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A250)R² = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A251) to L_(A260), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A251) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A252) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A253) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A254) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A255) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A256) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A257) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A258) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A259) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A260)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A261) to L_(A270), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A261) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A262) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A263) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A264) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A265) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A266) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A267) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A268) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A269) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A270)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A271) to L_(A280), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A271) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A272) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A273) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A274) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A275) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A276) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A277) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A278) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A279) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A280)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A281) to L_(A290), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A281) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A282) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A283) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A284) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A285) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A286) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A287) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A288) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A289) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A290)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A291) to L_(A300), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A291) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A292) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A293) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A294) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A295) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A296) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A297) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A298) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A299) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A300)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A301) to L_(A310), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A301) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A302) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A303) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A304) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A305) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A306) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A307) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A308) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A309) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A310)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A311) to L_(A320), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A311) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A312) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A313) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A314) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A315) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A316) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A317) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A318) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A319) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A320)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A321) to L_(A330), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A321) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A322) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A323) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A324) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A325) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A326) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A327) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A328) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A329) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A330)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A331) to L_(A332), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A331) R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A332) R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A333) toL_(A334), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A333) R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A334) R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A335) toL_(A336), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A335) R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A336) R¹ = R^(B2) L_(A337) toL_(A338), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A337) R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A338) R¹ = R^(B2)

wherein R^(A1) to R^(A5) have the following structures:

wherein R^(B1) and R^(B2) have the following structures: R^(B1), andR^(B2).

In the embodiments where the first compound has the formula ofM(L¹)_(x)(L²)_(y)(L³)_(z) defined above and the ligand L¹ is selectedfrom the group consisting of L_(A1) to L_(A338), the first compound canbe selected from the group consisting of Compound 1 through Compound4,394; where each Compound x has the formula Ir(L_(Ak))₂(L_(Bj));wherein x=338j+k−338, k is an integer from 1 to 338, and j is an integerfrom 1 to 13;

wherein L_(B1) through L_(B13) are defined as follows:

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a first organiclight emitting device is disclosed. The first organic light emittingdevice comprises:

an anode;

a cathode; and

an organic layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, comprisinga first compound;

wherein the first compound is capable of functioning as a phosphorescentemitter in an organic light emitting device at room temperature;

wherein the first compound has at least one aromatic ring and at leastone substituent R;

wherein each of the at least one R is an organic group having at leasttwo atoms of X;

wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting ofSi, and Ge; and

wherein each of the at least one R is directly bonded to one of thearomatic rings.

In some embodiments, the first compound can be an emissive dopant. Insome embodiments, the compound can produce emissions viaphosphorescence, fluorescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence,i.e., TADF (also referred to as E-type delayed fluorescence),triplet-triplet annihilation, or combinations of these processes.

The first organic light emitting device can be incorporated into adevice selected from the group consisting of a consumer product, anelectronic component module, and a lighting panel. The organic layer canbe an emissive layer and the compound can be an emissive dopant in someembodiments, while the compound can be a non-emissive dopant in otherembodiments.

The organic layer can also include a host. In some embodiments, the hostcan include a metal complex. The host can be a triphenylene containingbenzo-fused thiophene or benzo-fused furan. Any substituent in the hostcan be an unfused substituent independently selected from the groupconsisting of C_(n)H_(2n−1), OC_(n)H_(2n+1), OAr₁, N(C_(n)H_(2n−1))₂,N(Ar₁)(XAr₂), CH═CH—CH_(2n+1), C≡C—C_(n)H_(2n+1), Ar₁, Ar₁—Ar₂, andC_(n)H_(2n)—Ar₁, or no substitution. In the preceding substituents n canrange from 1 to 10; and Ar₁ and Ar₂ can be independently selected fromthe group consisting of benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, triphenylene,carbazole, and heteroaromatic analogs thereof.

The host can be a compound comprising at least one chemical groupselected from the group consisting of triphenylene, carbazole,dibenzothiphene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, azatriphenylene,azacarbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzofuran, andaza-dibenzoselenophene. The host can include a metal complex. The hostcan be a specific compound selected from the group consisting of:

and combinations thereof.

In yet another aspect of the present disclsoure, a formulationcomprising the first compound is disclosed, wherein the first compoundis capable of functioning as a phosphorescent emitter in an organiclight emitting device at room temperature and the first compound has atleast one aromatic ring and at least one substituent R;

wherein each of the at least one R is an organic group having at leasttwo atoms of X;

wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting ofSi, and Ge; and

wherein each of the at least one R is directly bonded to one of thearomatic rings, is disclosed. The formulation can include one or morecomponents selected from the group consisting of a solvent, a host, ahole injection material, hole transport material, and an electrontransport layer material, disclosed herein.

Combination with Other Materials

The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in anorganic light emitting device may be used in combination with a widevariety of other materials present in the device. For example, emissivedopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide varietyof hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers,electrodes and other layers that may be present. The materials describedor referred to below are non-limiting examples of materials that may beuseful in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one ofskill in the art can readily consult the literature to identify othermaterials that may be useful in combination.

HIL/HTL:

A hole injecting/transporting material to be used in the presentinvention is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used aslong as the compound is typically used as a hole injecting/transportingmaterial. Examples of the material include, but are not limited to: aphthalocyanine or porphyrin derivative; an aromatic amine derivative; anindolocarbazole derivative; a polymer containing fluorohydrocarbon; apolymer with conductivity dopants; a conducting polymer, such asPEDOT/PSS; a self-assembly monomer derived from compounds such asphosphonic acid and silane derivatives; a metal oxide derivative, suchas MoO_(x); a p-type semiconducting organic compound, such as1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile; a metal complex, and across-linkable compound.

Examples of aromatic amine derivatives used in HIL or HTL include, butare not limited to the following general structures:

Each of Ar¹ to Ar⁹ is selected from the group consisting of aromatichydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl,triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene,fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, and azulene; the group consistingof aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene,dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran,benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole,pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole,oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole,pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine,oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine,benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline,cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine,pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine,benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine,thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine;and the group consisting of 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which aregroups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatichydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and arebonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom,nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom,chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group.

Wherein each Ar is further substituted by a substituent selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl,heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl,cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl,carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl,sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, Ar¹ to Ar⁹ is independently selected from the groupconsisting of:

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is C (including CH)or N; Z¹⁰¹ is NAr¹, O, or S; Ar¹ has the same group defined above.

Examples of metal complexes used in HIL or HTL include, but are notlimited to the following general formula:

wherein Met is a metal, which can have an atomic weight greater than 40;(Y¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) is a bidentate ligand, Y¹⁰¹ and Y¹⁰² are independentlyselected from C, N, O, P, and S; L¹⁰¹ is an ancillary ligand; k′ is aninteger value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may beattached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number of ligands thatmay be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, (Y¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) is a 2-phenylpyridine derivative. In anotheraspect, (Y¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) is a carbene ligand. In another aspect, Met isselected from Ir, Pt, Os, and Zn. In a further aspect, the metal complexhas a smallest oxidation potential in solution vs. Fc⁺/Fc couple lessthan about 0.6 V.

Host:

The light emitting layer of the organic EL device of the presentinvention preferably contains at least a metal complex as light emittingmaterial, and may contain a host material using the metal complex as adopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularlylimited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used aslong as the triplet energy of the host is larger than that of thedopant. While the Table below categorizes host materials as preferredfor devices that emit various colors, any host material may be used withany dopant so long as the triplet criteria is satisfied.

Examples of metal complexes used as host are preferred to have thefollowing general formula:

wherein Met is a metal; (Y¹⁰³-Y¹⁰⁴) is a bidentate ligand, Y¹⁰³ and Y¹⁰⁴are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L¹⁰¹ is an anotherligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligandsthat may be attached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number ofligands that may be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, the metal complexes are:

wherein (O—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms Oand N.

In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir and Pt. In a further aspect,(Y¹⁰³-Y¹⁰⁴) is a carbene ligand.

Examples of organic compounds used as host are selected from the groupconsisting of aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene,biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene,phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, and azulene; thegroup consisting of aromatic heterocyclic compounds such asdibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene,benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole,indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole,triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole,thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine,oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole,indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline,isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine,phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine,phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine,thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine;and the group consisting of 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which aregroups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatichydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and arebonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom,nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom,chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each groupis further substituted by a substituent selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl,heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl,cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl,carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl,sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, the host compound contains at least one of the followinggroups in the molecule:

wherein R¹⁰¹ to R¹⁰⁷ is independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl,arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl,heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylicacids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl,phosphino, and combinations thereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, ithas the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above, k is an integer from0 to 20 or 1 to 20; k′″ is an integer from 0 to 20. X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ isselected from C (including CH) or N. Z¹⁰¹ and Z¹⁰² is selected fromNR¹⁰¹, O, or S.HBL:

A hole blocking layer (HBL) may be used to reduce the number of holesand/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such ablocking layer in a device may result in substantially higherefficiencies as compared to a similar device lacking a blocking layer.Also, a blocking layer may be used to confine emission to a desiredregion of an OLED.

In one aspect, compound used in HBL contains the same molecule or thesame functional groups used as host described above.

In another aspect, compound used in HBL contains at least one of thefollowing groups in the molecule:

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; L¹⁰¹ is an another ligand, k¹ isan integer from 1 to 3.ETL:

Electron transport layer (ETL) may include a material capable oftransporting electrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic(undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity.Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metalcomplexes or organic compounds may be used as long as they are typicallyused to transport electrons.

In one aspect, compound used in ETL contains at least one of thefollowing groups in the molecule:

wherein R¹⁰¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy,aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl,aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile,isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinationsthereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition asAr's mentioned above. Ar¹ to Ar³ has the similar definition as Ar'smentioned above, k is an integer from 1 to 20. X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is selectedfrom C (including CH) or N.

In another aspect, the metal complexes used in ETL include, but are notlimited to the following general formula:

wherein (O—N) or (N—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinatedto atoms O, N or N, N; L¹⁰¹ is another ligand; k′ is an integer valuefrom 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to themetal.

In any above-mentioned compounds used in each layer of the OLED device,the hydrogen atoms can be partially or fully deuterated. Thus, anyspecifically listed substituent, such as, without limitation, methyl,phenyl, pyridyl, etc. encompasses undeuterated, partially deuterated,and fully deuterated versions thereof. Similarly, classes ofsubstituents such as, without limitation, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl,heteroaryl, etc. also encompass undeuterated, partially deuterated, andfully deuterated versions thereof.

In addition to and/or in combination with the materials disclosedherein, many hole injection materials, hole transporting materials, hostmaterials, dopant materials, exciton/hole blocking layer materials,electron transporting and electron injecting materials may be used in anOLED. Non-limiting examples of the materials that may be used in an OLEDin combination with materials disclosed herein are listed in Table Abelow. Table A lists non-limiting classes of materials, non-limitingexamples of compounds for each class, and references that disclose thematerials.

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All reactions were carried out under nitrogen protections unlessspecified otherwise. All solvents for reactions are anhydrous and usedas received from commercial sources.

Synthesis of Comparative Compound 1 Synthesis of2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5-(trimethylsilyl)quinoline

A mixture of 5-bromo-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)quinoline (2.10 g, 6.73 mmol)and Tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) was cool in dry ice acetone bath andbutyllithium (2.8 ml, 7.06 mmol) was added and stirred for 45 minutes.Chlorotrimethylsilane (0.88 g, 8.07 mmol) was add and stirred for 20min. The dry ice bath was removed and the reaction was stirred for 18hours at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with methanol. Themixture was extracted with dichloromethane and then chromatographedresidue on a silica gel column (hexanes:dichloromethane) and thenrechromatographed on a C18 reverse phase column (90%acetonitrile:water). The acetonitrile was removed under vacuum to afford2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5-(trimethylsilyl)quinoline 1.2 g (58% yield).

Synthesis of the Ir(III) Dimer

A mixture of 2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5-(trimethylsilyl)quinoline (1.20 g,3.93 mmol), Iridium Chloride (0.69 g, 1.87 mmol), ethoxyethanol (30 mL)and Water (10 mL) was refluxed under N₂ for 18 hours. The solids werefiltered off and washed with methanol to give the Ir(III) Dimer (0.70 g,45% yield).

Synthesis of Comparative Compound 1

A mixture of Ir(III) Dimer (0.70 g, 0.42 mmol), pentane-2,4-dione (0.42g, 4.18 mmol), potassium carbonate (0.58 g, 4.18 mmol) and ethoxyethanol(60 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The solids werefiltered off and washed with methanol and then flash chromatographed (ona silica gel column that was pretreated with triethylamine) (80:20%hexanes:dichloromethane). The resulting crystals were recrystallized byredissolving them in dichloromethane and 2-propanol and then removingthe dichloromethane by rotoevaporation to afford the title compound(0.30 g, 66% yield).

Synthesis of Compound 196 Synthetic of(bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl)magnesium bromide

Lithium chloride (2.21 g, 52.2 mmol) was placed in a dry nitrogenflushed flask and dried for 10 minutes with a heatgun, magnesium(turnings) (1.27 g, 52.2 mmol) were added and the flask was evacuatedagain and refilled with argon. Then, THF (40 mL) was added and afteraddition of chlorotrimethylsilane (0.05 mL, 0.42 mmol) and1,2-dibromoethane (0.04 mL, 0.42 mmol), the suspension was heated untilgas evolution occurred. The flask was cooled to 0° C. and(bromomethylene)bis(trimethylsilane) (10.0 g, 41.8 mmol) was addeddropwise. After stirring for 30 minutes at this temperature, the solidswere allowed to settle and the supernatant solution was carefullycanulated and used as is.

Synthetic of2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-7-(4,4,4-trifluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)butyl)quinoline

5-bromo-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)quinoline (3.25 g, 10.41 mmol),diacetoxypalladium (0.09 g, 0.42 mmol), anddicyclohexyl(2′,6′-dimethoxy-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)phosphane (Sphos)(0.34 g, 0.83 mmol) were inserted in a flask and solubilized in THF (40mL). The solution was degassed by bubbling nitrogen gas for 15 minutes,the Grignard reagent (26 mL, 15.6 mmol) was added and the reaction washeated to 50° C. for 18 hours. Upon completion of the reaction, themixture was extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water andbrine. The crude material was purified via column chromatography usingheptanes/ethyl acetate (90/10) to afford5-(bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl)-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)quinoline (3.80 g,93% yield).

Synthesis of Ir(III) Dimer

5-(bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl)-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)quinoline (3.77 g,9.61 mmol) was inserted in a RBF (round-bottom flask) and wassolubilized in ethoxyethanol (32 mL) and water (11 mL). The mixture wasdegassed by bubbling nitrogen gas for 15 minutes and thenchlorosyl(perchloryl)iridium(XI) chloride octahydride (0.95 g, 2.56mmol) was inserted and the reaction was heated at 105° C. for 24 hours.The reaction was cooled down to room temperature. The Ir(III) Dimer wasfiltered and washed ith MeOH to afford 1.50 g (58% yield) as a blackpowder.

Synthesis of Compound 196

Ir(III) Dimer (1.00 g, 0.50 mmol) was solubilized in ethoxyethanol (17mL) and pentane-2,4-dione (0.51 mL, 4.96 mmol) was added. The mixturewas degassed by bubbling nitrogen gas for 15 minutes. K₂CO₃ (0.69 g,4.96 mmol) was then added and the reaction was stirred at roomtemperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (DCM)and filtered through a plug of celite. After the solvents wereevaporated, the product was redissolved in DCM and loaded on Celite®.The crude material was purified via column chromatography using TEApretreated column with heptanes/DCM (95/5) solvent system. Triturationfrom MeOH gave the pure product (0.75 g, 71% yield).

Device Examples

All example devices were fabricated by high vacuum (<10⁻⁷ Torr) thermalevaporation. The anode electrode was 1200 Å of indium tin oxide (ITO).The cathode consisted of 10 Å of LiF followed by 1,000 Å of Al. Alldevices were encapsulated with a glass lid sealed with an epoxy resin ina nitrogen glove box (<1 ppm of H₂O and O₂) immediately afterfabrication, and a moisture getter was incorporated inside the package.The organic stack of the device examples consisted of sequentially, fromthe ITO surface, 100 Å of LG 101 (purchased from LG chem) as the holeinjection layer (HIL); 400 Å of4,4′-bis[N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino]biphenyl (NPD) as the holetransporting layer (HTL); 300 Å of an emissive layer (EML) containingCompound H as a host (79%), a stability dopant (SD) (18%), andComparative Compound 1, and Compound 196 as an emitter; 100 Å ofCompound H as a blocking layer; and 450 Å of Alq₃(tris-8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum) as the ETL. The emitter was selectedto provide the desired color and the stability dopant (SD) was mixedwith the electron-transporting host and the emitter to help transportpositive charge in the emissive layer. The Comparative Example devicewas fabricated similarly to the device examples except that ComparativeCompound 1 was used as the emitter in the EML.

Table 1 shows the composition of the EML in the device, while the deviceresults and data are summarized in Table 2. As used herein, NPD,compound H, SD, and AlQ₃ have the following structures:

TABLE 1 Compounds of EML in the devices Examples Emitter Device Compound196 Example 1 Device Comparative Example 2 Example 1

TABLE 2 Device results of device examples 1, and 2. Relative RelativeRelative EQE at LT95% at 1931 CIE λ max FWHM 1,000 nits 1,000 nitsExamples x y [nm] [nm] [cd/A] [hours] Device 0.65 0.34 618 0.97 1.111.15 Example 1 Device 0.66 0.34 622 1.00 1.00 1.00 Example 2

Table 2 summarizes the performance of the devices with relative valuesnormalized to the comparative example. The 1931 CIE values were measuredat 10 mA/cm². The luminous efficiency was measured at 1000 cd/m². Theinventive compounds showed a better EQE (external quantum effiency)compared to the comparative compound (1.11 vs. 1.00) and also showed animproved device lifetime (LT95% at 1,000 nits) of 1.15 vs. 1.00.Moreover, the inventive compounds 196 showed an emission peak full widthat half maximum (FWHM) that is narrower compared to the comparativecompound (0.97 vs. 1.00) which helps to improve the emission colorpurity of the dopant.

It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are byway of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of theinvention. For example, many of the materials and structures describedherein may be substituted with other materials and structures withoutdeviating from the spirit of the invention. The present invention asclaimed may therefore include variations from the particular examplesand preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to oneof skill in the art. It is understood that various theories as to whythe invention works are not intended to be limiting.

We claim:
 1. A composition comprising a first compound; wherein thefirst compound is capable of functioning as a phosphorescent emitter inan organic light emitting device at room temperature; wherein the firstcompound has at least one aromatic ring and at least one substituent R;wherein each of the at least one R is an organic group having at leasttwo atoms of X; wherein each X is independently selected from the groupconsisting of Si and Ge; wherein each of the at least one R is directlybonded to one of the aromatic rings; wherein the first compound has theformula of M(L¹)_(x)(L²)_(y)(L³)_(z); wherein x is 1, 2, or 3; wherein yis 0, 1, or 2; wherein z is 0, 1, or 2; wherein M is a metal and x+y+zis the oxidation state of the metal M; wherein L¹ has the formula

wherein L² and L³ are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of:

wherein each X¹ to X¹⁰ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of carbon and nitrogen; wherein each R_(a) and R_(b) mayrepresent from mono substitution to the possible maximum number ofsubstitution, or no substitution; wherein R_(a) and R_(b) are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide,alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino,silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl,sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; wherein any twoadjacent substituents of R_(a) and R_(b) are optionally fused or joinedto form a ring or form a multidentate ligand; wherein any one of theR_(a) and R_(b) substituent in L² and L³ can be present as the R group;and wherein at least one of the R_(a) and R_(b) substituent in L¹ ispresent as the R group.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the firstcompound has the formula of Ir(L¹)₂(L²).
 3. The composition of claim 2,wherein L² has the formula:


4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first compound has theformula of Pt(L¹)₂ or Pt(L¹)(L²).
 5. The composition of claim 1, whereineach of the at least one R is independently selected from the groupconsisting of:


6. The composition of claim 1, wherein at least one of L¹, L², and L³ isselected from the group consisting of:

wherein R_(u), R_(v), R_(w), R_(x), R_(y), and R_(z) are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, partially or fully deuterated variants thereof, andcombinations thereof.
 7. A formulation comprising a first compound ofclaim
 1. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein each X is separated byat least one carbon atom from the aromatic ring.
 9. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein each X connects to its adjacent atoms by X—C or X—Fbond only.
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein each of the at leastone R is independently selected from the group consisting of partiallyor fully silylated alkyl, partially or fully silylated cycloalkyl,partially or fully germanylated alkyl, partially or fully germanylatedcycloalkyl, and combinations thereof.
 11. The composition of claim 1,wherein each of the at least one R is selected from the group consistingof:

wherein R_(u), R_(v), R_(w), R_(x), R_(y), and R_(z) are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, partially or fully deuterated variants thereof, andcombinations thereof.
 12. The first compound of claim 1, wherein theligand L′ is LA selected from the group consisting of: L_(A81) toL_(A90), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A81) R² = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A82) R² = R^(A2), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A83) R² = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A84) R² = R^(A4), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A85) R² = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A86) R² = R^(A1), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A87) R² = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A88) R² = R^(A3), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A89) R² = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A90) R² = R^(A5), R¹ =R^(B2), L_(A91) to L_(A100), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A91) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A92) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A93) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A94) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ =R^(B1) in L_(A95) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A96) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A97) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A98) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ =R^(B2) in L_(A99) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A100) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ =R^(B2), L_(A101) to L_(A110), each represented by the formula

wherein in L_(A101) R⁴ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A102) R⁴ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A103) R⁴ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A104) R⁴ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A105) R⁴ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A106) R⁴ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A107) R⁴ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A108) R⁴= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A109) R⁴ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A110)R⁴ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2), L_(A111) to L_(A120), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A111) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A112) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A113) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A114) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A115) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A116) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A117) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A118) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A119) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A120)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2), L_(A121) to L_(A130), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A121) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A122) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A123) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A124) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A125) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A126) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A127) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A128) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A129) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A130)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2), L_(A131) to L_(A140), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A131) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A132) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A133) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A134) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A135) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A136) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A137) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A138) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A139) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A140)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2), L_(A141) to L_(A150), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A141) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A142) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A143) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A144) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A145) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A146) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A147) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A148) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A149) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A150)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2), L_(A151) to L_(A160), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A151) R² = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A152) R² = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A153) R² = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A154) R² = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A155) R² = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A156) R² =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A157) R² = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A158) R²= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A159) R² = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A160)R² = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2), L_(A161) to L_(A170), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A161) R³ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A162) R³ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A163) R³ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A164) R³ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A165) R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A166) R³ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A167) R³ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A168) R³= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A169) R³ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A170)R³ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2), L_(A171) to L_(A180), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A171) R⁴ = R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A172) R⁴ = R^(A2), R¹= R^(B1) in L_(A173) R⁴ = R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A174) R⁴ = R^(A4),R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A175) R⁴ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B1) in L_(A176) R⁴ =R^(A1), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A177) R⁴ = R^(A2), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A178) R⁴= R^(A3), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A179) R⁴ = R^(A4), R¹ = R^(B2) in L_(A180)R⁴ = R^(A5), R¹ = R^(B2), L_(A333) to L_(A334), each represented by theformula

wherein in L_(A333) R¹ = R^(B1), and in L_(A334) R¹ = R^(B2)

wherein R^(A1) to R^(A5) have the following structures:

wherein R^(B1) and R^(B2) have the following structures:


13. The first compound of claim 12, wherein the first compound isselected from the group consisting of Compound 1 through Compound 4,394;where each Compound x has the formula Ir(L_(Ak))₂(L_(Bj)); whereinx=338j+k−338, k is an integer from 331 to 338, and j is an integer from1 to 13; wherein L_(B1) through L_(B13) are defined as follows:


14. A first organic light emitting device comprising: an anode; acathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and thecathode, comprising a first compound; wherein the first compound iscapable of functioning as a phosphorescent emitter in an organic lightemitting device at room temperature; wherein the first compound has atleast one aromatic ring and at least one substituent R; wherein each ofthe at least one R is an organic group having at least two atoms of X;wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Siand Ge; wherein each of the at least one R is directly bonded to one ofthe aromatic rings; wherein the first compound has the formula ofM(L¹)_(x)(L²)_(y)(L³)_(z); wherein x is 1, 2, or 3; wherein y is 0, 1,or 2; wherein z is 0, 1, or 2; wherein M is a metal and x+y+z is theoxidation state of the metal M; wherein L¹ has the formula

wherein L² and L³ are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of:

wherein each X¹ to X¹⁰ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of carbon and nitrogen; wherein each R_(a) and R_(b) mayrepresent from mono substitution to the possible maximum number ofsubstitution, or no substitution; wherein R_(a) and R_(b) are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide,alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino,silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl,sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; wherein any twoadjacent substituents of R_(a) and R_(b) are optionally fused or joinedto form a ring or form a multidentate ligand; wherein any one of theR_(a) and R_(b) substituent in L² and L³ can be present as the R group;and wherein at least one of the R_(a) and R_(b) substituent in L¹ ispresent as the R group.
 15. The first device of claim 14, wherein theorganic layer is an emissive layer and the compound is an emissivedopant or a non-emissive dopant.
 16. The first device of claim 14,wherein the organic layer further comprises a host, wherein the hostcomprises at least one chemical group selected from the group consistingof triphenylene, carbazole, dibenzothiphene, dibenzofuran,dibenzoselenophene, azatriphenylene, azacarbazole, aza-dibenzothiophene,aza-dibenzofuran, and aza-dibenzoselenophene.
 17. A consumer productcomprising an organic light-emitting device comprising: an anode; acathode; and an organic layer, disposed between the anode and thecathode, comprising a first compound; wherein the first compound iscapable of functioning as a phosphorescent emitter in an organic lightemitting device at room temperature; wherein the first compound has atleast one aromatic ring and at least one substituent R; wherein each ofthe at least one R is an organic group having at least two atoms of X;wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Siand Ge; wherein each of the at least one R is directly bonded to one ofthe aromatic rings; wherein the first compound has the formula ofM(L¹)_(x)(L²)_(y)(L³)_(z); wherein x is 1, 2, or 3; wherein y is 0, 1,or 2; wherein z is 0, 1, or 2; wherein M is a metal and x+y+z is theoxidation state of the metal M; wherein L¹ has the formula

wherein L² and L³ are each independently selected from the groupconsisting of:

wherein each X¹ to X¹⁰ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of carbon and nitrogen; wherein each R_(a) and R_(b) mayrepresent from mono substitution to the possible maximum number ofsubstitution, or no substitution; wherein R_(a) and R_(b) are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of deuterium, halide,alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino,silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl,acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl,sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; wherein any twoadjacent substituents of R_(a) and R_(b) are optionally fused or joinedto form a ring or form a multidentate ligand; wherein any one of theR_(a) and R_(b) substituent in L² and L³ can be present as the R group;and wherein at least one of the R_(a) and R_(b) substituent in L¹ ispresent as the R group; and wherein the consumer product is selectedfrom the group consisting of a flat panel display, a computer monitor, amedical monitor, a television, a billboard, a light for interior orexterior illumination and/or signaling, a heads-up display, a fully orpartially transparent display, a flexible display, a laser printer, atelephone, a cell phone, tablet, a phablet, a personal digital assistant(PDA), a laptop computer, a digital camera, a camcorder, a viewfinder, amicro-displays, a 3-D display, a vehicle, a large area wall, a theateror stadium screen, and a sign.